Causes
of political underdevelopment are bad governance. Underdevelopment can be
explained as lack of development and lack of good governance in a very general
way. By Political underdevelopment refers the present peculiar conjunction of productive
forces and production relations among the poor countries and that suffer also bad
governance and poverty consented. It is
especially prevalent in the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa. The central
argument of this article is nested at two levels. The broader thesis has
already been summarized above: the fact that political underdevelopment is
found especially in poor regions of the world largely results from the ways in
which ‘Southern’ states have been created and political authority shaped
through interactions with the wealthier Northern countries in the context of
global economic and political systems. The more specific argument is that
political underdevelopment stems to a large degree from what might be termed a
‘disconnect’ between states and citizens. Compared with the states of the rich
world, those of the poor world tend to be relatively independent of their
citizens.
The causes of this political underdevelopment
as;
Unnatural
birth: Some poor states, notably in Africa, were created rapidly, within artificial
borders, as a result of rapid conquest by European colonizers who enjoyed
overwhelming military superiority.
Incomplete
state formation: Many poor states were created as formal
jurisdictional entities, and recognized as such internationally. These marginal
areas were never effectively penetrated by modern bureaucratic rule, and are
locally controlled by a wide range of local elites, who rely heavily on
coercion. These same areas may be havens for illegal activities.
History
of external control: Many states in the South have a long history of
direct or indirect external control. Many have been colonies, many others have
been ‘puppet states’, managed by local elites who depended militarily and Žfinancially
on a global power, and could rule with little regard for the concerns or
interests of their own citizens.
The
declining cost of military superiority: Contemporary poor
countries have the ‘opportunity’ to export primary commodities to high income
international markets and to use the dollars to purchase military hardware that
constitutes overwhelming force in relation to their civilian populations.
International
criminal networks: State elites in poor countries are often
engaged in symbiotic – but politically corrosive – relationships with
international networks engaged in illegal activities; They exchange their
control of territory and internationally recognized authority for large Ž
financial gains, and thereby become more powerful in relation to citizens.
Unearned
state income: State revenue can be considered ‘earned’ to the
extent that the state apparatus has to put in organizational and political
effort in working with citizens to get its money. Many contemporary states in
the poor world live to a high degree on ‘unearned income’ – mainly mineral
revenues or development aid – and correspondingly face limited incentives to
bargain with their own citizens over resources or to institute or respect
democratic processes around public revenue and expenditure.
Competitiveness
of aid donors: In the highly aid-dependent states, the typical
mode of aid disbursement, that involves de facto competition between a
multiplicity of donor agencies, is also politically corrosive. Peoples are apathy on revenue and taxation
issues.
If we can stimulates good government as; the
socio economic structure associated with a high income economy and democracy in
the broad sense-the ability of citizens to control the leadership of the state
in an institutionalized fashion – is an important component of political
development.
Reference:
POLITICAL UNDERDEVELOPMENT, What causes ‘bad governance’ by; Mick Moore
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